PKU-MMD: A Large Scale Benchmark for Continuous Multi-Modal Human Action Understanding

PKU-MMD is a new large scale benchmark for continuous multi-modality 3D human action understanding and covers a wide range of complex human activities with well annotated information. PKU-MMD contains 2 phases, for action detection tasks with increasing difficulty. Phase 1 is large-margin action detection task. Phase 2 is small-margin action detection task. Our dataset also provides multi-modality data sources, including RGB, depth, Infrared Radiation and Skeleton. We believe this large-scale dataset will benefit future researches on action detection for the community.

PKU-MMD is our new large-scale dataset focusing on long continuous sequences action detection and multi-modality action analysis. The dataset is captured via the Kinect v2 sensor.

Phase #1 contains 1076 long video sequences in 51 action categories, performed by 66 subjects in three camera views. It contains almost 20,000 action instances and 5.4 million frames in total. Each video lasts about 3$\sim$4 minutes (recording ratio set to 30 FPS) and contains approximately 20 action instances. The total scale of our dataset is 5,312,580 frames of 3,000 minutes with 21,545 temporally localized actions.
We choose 51 action classes in total, which are divided into two parts: 41 daily actions (drinking, waving hand, putting on the glassed, etc.) and 10 interaction actions (hugging, shaking hands, etc.). 66 distinct subjects are invited for our data collection. Each subjects takes part in 4 daily action videos and 2 interactive action videos.our videos only contain one part of the actions, either daily actions or interaction actions. We design 54 sequences and divide subjects into 9 groups, and each groups randomly choose 6 sequences to perform.

Phase #2 contains 1009 short video sequences in 41 action categories, performed by 13 subjects in three camera views. Each video lasts about 1$\sim$2 minutes (recording ratio set to 30 FPS) and contains approximately 7 action instances.

We provide 5 categories of resources: depth maps, RGB images, skeleton joints, infrared sequences, and RGB videos.

Depth maps are sequences of two dimensional depth values in millimeters. The resolution is $512\times424$.

Joint information consists of 3-dimensional locations of 25 major body joints for detected and tracked human bodies in the scene. We further provide the confidence of each joints point as appendix.

RGB videos are recorded in the provided resolution of $1920\times1080$.

Infrared sequences are also collected and stored frame by frame in $512\times424$.

For the detection task, there is a basic criterion to evaluate the overlapping ratio between the predicted action interval $I$ and the ground truth interval $I^{*}$ with a threshold $\theta$. The detection interval is correct when \begin{equation} \frac{|I \cap I^{*}|}{|I \cup I^{*}|} > \theta. \end{equation} where $I \cap I^{*}$ denotes the intersection of the predicted and ground truth intervals and $I \cup I^{*}$ denotes their union. So, with $\theta$, the precision $p(\theta)$ and recall $r(\theta)$ can be calculated.

F1-Score: With the above criterion to determine a correction detection, the F1-score is defined as \begin{equation} \mbox{F1}(\theta)=2 \cdot \frac{p(\theta) \times r(\theta)}{p(\theta) + r(\theta)}. \end{equation}

Interpolated Average Precision (AP): With confidence changing, precision and recall values can be plotted to give a precision-recall curve. Note that $r$ is also determined by overlapping confidence $\theta$. The interpolated average precision is calculated by the arithmetic mean of the interpolated precision at each recall level. \begin{equation} \mbox{AP} = \int_{0}^{1} \max_{r' \ge r} p(r') \; \mathrm{d}r. \label{APFORM} \end{equation}

Mean Average Precision of Actions (mAP$_a$): AP is used as the metric for evaluating the results on each activity category. The AP is averaged over all the activity categories.

Mean Average Precision of Videos (mAP$_v$): AP is used as the metric for evaluating the results on each video. The AP is averaged over all the videos.

P.S. For more information on Interpolated Average Precision, please read: Evaluation of ranked retrieval results.